Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I and II were the first discovered human retroviruses. While HTLV‐I has been clearly associated with disease, the health implications of HTLV‐II infection are still unsettled. A prospective epidemiological study of 409 HIV‐infected subjects of different transmission categories was performed to study the presence of HTLV‐II antibodies, and whether HTLV‐II antibodies are associated with the progression to AIDS and to death of any cause. Of 409 subjects, 30 (7.3%) were HTLV‐II positive at study entry; 2 subjects seroconverted during follow‐up. In the HTLV‐II‐positive group 2 were heterosexually HIV infected, 28 (of whom 2 were seroconverters) were IDUs and 2 were homosexual men. When controlling for transmission category, gender, age and CD4+ lymphocyte count at study entry, the relative risk of AIDS progression for the HTLV‐II‐positive group was 2.1 (0.8–5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)) as compared to the HTLV‐II‐negative group. The adjusted relative risk of dying was 2.1 (1.0–4.3, 95% CI). When studying IDUs separately, the adjusted relative risk of AIDS progression was 2.3 (0.8–6.9, 95% CI) and the relative risk of dying was 2.0 (0.9–4.6, 95% CI). The results of this study suggest that HTLV‐II is a cofactor in HIV disease progression. The number of HTLV‐II‐infected subjects, was, however, small, and insufficient control of confounding factors must be taken into consideration.