Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with colorectal cancer risk. To evaluate the potential influence of colorectal cancer susceptibility SNPs on disease prognosis, we investigated whether GWAS‐identified colorectal cancer risk SNPs and polygenic risk scores (PRSs) might be associated with survival among colorectal cancer patients. A total of 1374 colorectal cancer patients were recruited from the Korean National Cancer Center. For genotyping, 30 colorectal cancer‐susceptibility SNPs previously identified by GWAS were selected. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate associations of these risk SNPs and PRSs with disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The prognostic values were compared between genetic and nongenetic models using Harrell's c index. During the follow‐up period (median: 88, 91 months for DFS and OS), 570 DFS (41.5%) and 487 OS (35.4%) events were observed. We found that 5 SNPs were significantly associated with DFS or OS among colorectal cancer patients at P < .05: rs10936599 at 3q26.2 (MYNN), rs704017 at 10q22.3 (ZMIZ1‐AS1), rs11196172 at 10q25.2 (TCF7L2), rs3802842 at 11q23.1 (COLCA1‐2), and rs9929218 at 16q22.1 (CDH1). The PRSs constructed using these 5 SNPs were associated with worse survival (DFS: P_trend = .02 unweighted PRS, P_trend = .01 weighted PRS, OS: P_trend = 3.7 × 10⁻³ unweighted, P_trend = .02 weighted PRS). Our results suggest that several colorectal cancer susceptibility SNPs might also be related to survival by influencing disease progression.