The population of Eurasian lynx in the Carpathian Mountains is one of the largest in Europe, with a total population size of ~2,100–2,400 individuals. However, the status of the species in the Carpathians was based solely on “expert opinions”, while relevant scientific data were restricted. Recent research indicated that these figures are not reliable and strongly overestimate the population size. Exaggerated data and misleading information on the status and trend of the lynx population have fostered conflicts between the lynx and human interests, and ultimately leading to illegal killings. Negative attitude of hunters towards lynx originates in a belief that the predator is responsible for the alleged decrease of roe deer populations in Slovakia. Moreover, illegal killing could have some synergetic effect with the development of traffic infrastructure, which increasingly disrupts the connectivity between suitable habitats and exacerbates human-induced mortality. Carpathian Mts. have been and still are a source for lynx reintroduction and reinforcement projects and are of great importance for the large-scale conservation of lynx in Europe. Authorities in charge, lynx experts and interested groups from the Carpathians should jointly establish a standardised robust population monitoring and seriously mitigate anthropogenic factors jeopardising lynx survival. A sound cooperation between all countries sharing the Carpathian population for the conservation and management of the lynx is required. We recommend in particular the adoption of a jointly developed Pan-Carpathian conservation and management strategy and related national action plans.