Cerebrovascular pathology in diabetic patients is associated with focal and diffuse cerebral lesions. Though structural brain abnormalities are not diabetes-specific, they are indicative of prognostication of developing cerebral blood circulation impairment in diabetics. Since pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy and its clinical-diagnostic manifestation depends on the type of diabetes mellitus, present investigation concerns differential peculiarities of diffuse and focal brain abnormalities in patients with diabetic encephalopathy depending on diabetes type. Influenced by the type of basic disease, neuroimaging data of focal brain abnormalities in patients with diabetic encephalopathy require differential diagnostic and therapeutic approach.