This paper's main aim was to explain the process of characterising the structural over-
strength factor (R), seismic behaviour factor (Q), and the effective elastic stiffness, Keff, of
cantilever-reinforced concrete (RC) urban bridge columns with solid circular cross-sections
for use in seismic design under the Serviceability Limit State (SLS). Similarly, mathematical
models have been proposed to determine the average values of effective stiffness and
seismic response modification factors suggested for cantilever-reinforced concrete bridge …

This paper aims to assess the structural overstrength (R), seismic behaviour factor (Q), and
effective inertia factor (keff), of which the effective elastic stiffness (Keff) is a function, ie, Keff
(keff), of reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever columns with solid circular sections in urban
bridges. The R and Q factors proposed in the design codes have been based mainly on an
empirical basis. However, some studies suggest that, in the case of RC bridge columns, both
factors are determined by a range of geometric and structural parameters. These results …