Immunosensors are the affinity-based biosensing devices that have enormous potential for
the next-generation bioanalytical systems. Usually, the components of these self-content
devices include biorecognition element, transducers, and the readout systems, where
biorecognition systems perceive the physical signals, transducers convert observed input to
the quantifiable electrical signals, and the readout systems show the measured signals. For
immunosensing, various transducers are used, including electrochemical, optical, and …