Seed dispersal by large herbivores helps to maintain the plant species diversity. Forest
management and game management influence species composition and the structure of
ungulate communities. This may disrupt ecological processes depending on services
provided by animals. In European secondary forests, sets of plant species dispersed by
guilds of herbivores overlap, and one species, red deer Cervus elaphus, may replace all
other seed vectors in this process, although the proportion of dispersed forest species is very …