… ), we evaluate the historical black carbon (BC) … BC albedo forcing by performing additional
simulations using offline models with prescribed meteorology from 1996–2000. We evaluate …

… The calculated radiative forcing in 2000 for the direct aerosol effect is 0.35Wm−2 and for …
albedo effect and how the concentration and deposition of BC have changed from pre-industrial …

… As part of the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate … albedo forcing by performing additional
simulations using offline models with prescribed meteorology from 1996-2000. We evaluated …

… It affects only the forcing number we used to describe the spatial distributions (see below; …
BC albedo forcing in 2000, we estimate strong positive everywhere with high forcing (ie, over …

… x ), but excluding CH 4 , exert a positive radiative forcing due to increases in O 3 . … it is more
negative than the range of previous estimates, and is most likely due to too strong an albedo …

… atmospheric state between present day and the year 1750. We use a preindustrial value of
1400 Gg of black carbon … in snow and sea ice albedo by black carbon depend on accurate …

… Atmospheric aerosol forcing is not … forcing is so efficacious is its ability to trigger snow-albedo
feedback. Here we look at spatial and temporal distributions of forcing, snowmelt, albedo …

… However, the radiative forcing caused by aerosol-induced changes in cloud albedo … of the
unpolluted present-day atmosphere. In this section, we briefly review these approaches and …

… evaluate NH changes in BC concentrations in each dataset. We compare modelled PD/PI
BC atmospheric … Annual mean pre-industrial to present-day aerosol cloud albedo forcing and …

… [12] The conclusions we can draw from the present-day evaluation … radiative forcing from
BC aerosol surface albedo changes on … Improving the estimates on preindustrial black carbon …