The southern Tien Shan metallogenic province of Central Asia hosts a number of important gold resources including the Jilau gold–quartz vein system in western Tajikistan. These deposits were formed at the late stages of continent–continent collision in association with subduction-related magmatism, metamorphism and continental margin deformation attributed to the Central Asian Hercynian Orogeny. Jilau is hosted by a Hercynian syntectonic granitoid intrusive that was emplaced into bituminous dolomite country rocks. Economic mineralisation is associated with a dilational jog within a high-angle, oblique dextral-reverse slip shear zone that was undergoing brittle–ductile deformation. The orebody takes the form of shear-zone subparallel quartz veins and lenses that emanate from a steeply plunging ore shoot of veins and stringers within a silicified and sulphidised granodiorite core. It is thought to have formed by a dynamic process in which fluid flow was governed by a fault-valve mechanism. Numerous cycles of fluid pressure build-up, fault failure, jog dilation, fluid flow, phase separation of low salinity H₂O–CO₂–CH₄(–N₂) fluids, and sealing took place. Gold appears together with scheelite and bismuth minerals predominantly as inclusions in arsenopyrite in quartz veins and altered wall-rock, and is mainly associated with quartz containing fluid inclusions enriched in CH₄. The correlation between high gold grades and high CH₄ concentrations suggests that components of the mineralising fluids were derived from, or passed through, the reducing, carbonaceous rocks in the contact aureole of the intrusive. The occurrence of Au and W in an adjacent Hercynian skarn deposit and in the Jilau orebody, infers that the ore metals in both these systems were ultimately derived from a magmatic source.