… where gt is the common growth rate of all t’s. Assuming that the arrival of ideas is … the growth
rate of labor, gL, which we assume common across countries and equal to the growth rate of …

… In the next section, we evaluate the importance of openness for transition to modern growth.
… We set g n to the observed average annual population growth rate for Korea from 1970 to …

… comparability of available quantitative data. Differences in … reached under such quantitative
approaches. The purpose of … tionships between economic openness and growth, indicating …

… The most popular among these are tariff averages, average coverage of quantitative restrictions
(QRs), and collected tariff ratios (CTR), deÆned as the ratio of tariff revenues to imports. …

… In Rutherford and Tarr (1998, Appendix A), we show that as the rental rate on capital and
the benchmark growth rate approach each other, a given permanent increase in consumption …

… open to trade. While estimates of power law exponents have been used to pin down parameters
in theoretical and quantitative … random growth) that the distribution of baseline sizes is:(A.…

… openness and the size of governments, both theoretically and empirically. We argue that
openness can increase the size of … association between openness and government size and we …

… openness and economic growth. Models based on the paradigm of competitive and efficient
markets tell us that financial openness should foster economic growth and development by …

… Comparing the open-economy and closed-economy versions … effects only a small increase
in the growth rate of output per … Rather than higher growth, the main effect of openness to …

I am indebted to three referees for extremely helpful comments. This paper was revised during
my stay at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, in March 1992. I thank colleagues and …