Immunosuppression in honeybee queens by the neonicotinoids thiacloprid and clothianidin
Queen health is crucial to colony survival of honeybees, since reproduction and colony
growth rely solely on the queen. Queen failure is considered a relevant cause of colony
losses, yet few data exist concerning effects of environmental stressors on queens. Here we
demonstrate for the first time that exposure to field-realistic concentrations of neonicotinoid
pesticides can severely affect the immunocompetence of queens of western honeybees
(Apis mellifera L.). In young queens exposed to thiacloprid (200 µg/l or 2000 µg/l) or …
growth rely solely on the queen. Queen failure is considered a relevant cause of colony
losses, yet few data exist concerning effects of environmental stressors on queens. Here we
demonstrate for the first time that exposure to field-realistic concentrations of neonicotinoid
pesticides can severely affect the immunocompetence of queens of western honeybees
(Apis mellifera L.). In young queens exposed to thiacloprid (200 µg/l or 2000 µg/l) or …
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