The catalytic conversion of CO 2 to fuels or chemicals is considered to be an effective
pathway to mitigate the greenhouse effect. To develop new types of efficient and durable
catalysts, it is critical to identify the catalytic active sites, surface intermediates, and reaction
mechanisms to reveal the relationship between the active sites and catalytic performance.
However, the structure of a heterogeneous catalyst usually dynamically changes during
reaction, bringing a great challenge for the identification of catalytic active sites and reaction …