Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) as the primary treatment for prostate
cancer has improved outcomes compared with conventional radiotherapy, but with an
associated increase in toxicity due to radiation effects on the bladder and rectum. Intensity-
modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a newer method of radiotherapy that uses intensity-
modulated beams that can provide multiple intensity levels for any single beam direction
and any single source position allowing concave dose distributions and dose gradients with …