Inter-organisational accounting is a growing fi eld of research. Since Otley’s (1994) and Hopwood’s (1996) call for deeper investigations regarding the accounting and management controls used in new forms of organisations, there have been an increasing number of studies addressing the theme. A recent review of the published literature was presented by Caglio and Ditillo (2008), who analysed the literature according to the different management control solutions used in each case. Whereas Caglio and Ditillo (2008) covered both dyadic and network settings, this chapter presents a more in-depth analysis of inter-organisational accounting in dyadic settings. It is important to recognise, however, that, in some cases, the distinction between dyads and networks might be problematic.1 The issue of the development of accounting in network settings is the subject of the next chapter, Chapter 4, in which a framework is developed.