We report a rapid and low temperature process for fabricating composite TiO 2 electrodes for
dye-sensitized solar cells on glass and plastics by in tandem spray deposition and laser
annealing. A homogenized KrF excimer laser beam (248 nm) was used to layer-by-layer
anneal spray deposited TiO 2 nanoparticles. The produced TiO 2 film is crack free and
contains small particles (30 nm) mixed with different fractions of larger particles (100–200
nm) controlled by the applied laser fluence. Laser annealed double-layered structure is …