Due to its four-chambered mature ventricular configuration, ease of culture, imaging access,
and efficiency, the avian embryo is a preferred vertebrate animal model for studying
cardiovascular development. Studies aiming to understand the normal development and
congenital heart defect prognosis widely adopt this model. Microscopic surgical techniques
are introduced to alter the normal mechanical loading patterns at a specific embryonic time
point and track the downstream molecular and genetic cascade. The most common …