Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
Circulation, 2017•Am Heart Assoc
Eating patterns are increasingly varied. Typical breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals are
difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and snacking have become more prevalent.
Such eating styles can have various effects on cardiometabolic health markers, namely
obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. In this statement, we review the
cardiometabolic health effects of specific eating patterns: skipping breakfast, intermittent
fasting, meal frequency (number of daily eating occasions), and timing of eating occasions …
difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and snacking have become more prevalent.
Such eating styles can have various effects on cardiometabolic health markers, namely
obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. In this statement, we review the
cardiometabolic health effects of specific eating patterns: skipping breakfast, intermittent
fasting, meal frequency (number of daily eating occasions), and timing of eating occasions …
Eating patterns are increasingly varied. Typical breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals are difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and snacking have become more prevalent. Such eating styles can have various effects on cardiometabolic health markers, namely obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. In this statement, we review the cardiometabolic health effects of specific eating patterns: skipping breakfast, intermittent fasting, meal frequency (number of daily eating occasions), and timing of eating occasions. Furthermore, we propose definitions for meals, snacks, and eating occasions for use in research. Finally, data suggest that irregular eating patterns appear less favorable for achieving a healthy cardiometabolic profile. Intentional eating with mindful attention to the timing and frequency of eating occasions could lead to healthier lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factor management.
Am Heart Assoc
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