Oil palm is the most productive oil crop, but its high productivity is associated with
conventional management (that is, high fertilization rates and herbicide application), causing
deleterious environmental impacts. Using a 22 factorial experiment, we assessed the effects
of conventional vs reduced (equal to nutrients removed by fruit harvest) fertilization rates and
herbicide vs mechanical weeding on ecosystem functions, biodiversity and profitability.
Analysing across multiple ecosystem functions, mechanical weeding exhibited higher …