Bioaerosols are crucial indicators of air pollution and play an instrumental role as risk factors when it comes to the adverse health outcome. Bioaerosols are not self-contained pollutant, but a mixture of different compounds, including bacteria, fungi and virus, etc. While several reviews have focused on the health effect of its single component such as bacteria or fungi on public health, there is a dearth of the review studies community structure of bioaerosols and their impact on physiological change, especially the change in lunge function. Herein, this review sheds a light on community structure in different functional areas, clarifying its relevant risk to public health where respiratory diseases, including coughing, runny nose, irritated eyes or throat, allergic rhinitis, aggravation of asthma and fatigue as well as some infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and Legionnaire’s Disease, are particular elaborated. This review will provide some information to adopt accurate and effective control under the circumstances where the medical burden attributes to bioaerosols exposure is spiraling beyond expectation.