Laser material processing has been widely applied in industrial processes due to the unique precision and very localized thermal action furnished by the laser's high energy density and power controllability. The scanned laser beam can be used to induce melting of a thin layer on metal surface when operated at higher intensity than that used for hardening. With the inherent rapid heating and cooling rates to which this surface layer is submitted, this process provides an opportunity to produce different microstructures from that of the bulk metal leading to useful properties. The major microstructural changes commonly observed in aluminum alloys are the extension of the solid solubility and the refinement of the microstructure. The objective of the current work was to analyze the microstructural and hardness variations throughout samples of an aluminum–copper alloy (Al–15 wt.% Cu) submitted to a laser surface remelting treatment. The analysis procedure consisted of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization and microhardness tests in the resolidified and unmelted substrate regions.