Low-dose endotoxemia is prevalent in humans with adverse health conditions, and it
correlates with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis,
diabetes, and neurologic inflammation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are
poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that subclinical low-dose LPS skews
macrophages into a mild proinflammatory state, through cell surface TLR4, IL-1R–
associated kinase-1, and the Toll-interacting protein. Unlike high-dose LPS, low-dose LPS …

Low dose endotoxemia is prevalent in humans with adverse health conditions, and
correlates with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis,
diabetes, and neurological inflammation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms
are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that subclinical low dose lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) skews macrophages into a mild pro-inflammatory state, through cell surface toll-like-
receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1), and the toll …