Despite elaborate characterization of the risk factors, bladder cancer is still a major
epidemiological problem whose incidence continues to rise each year. Urothelial carcinoma
is now recognized as a disease of alterations in several cellular processes. The more
prevalent, less aggressive, recurrent, noninvasive tumors are characterized by constitutive
activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway. The less common but more aggressive invasive
tumors, which have a higher mortality rate, are characterized by alterations in the p53 and …