Imagine an era where patients will be able to tell the doctor that they themselves have detected the target molecule (eg, antigen, proteins, chemical molecule, etc.) related to a disease using a personalized diagnostic tools (eg, glucose for diabetes, Salmonella typhi for typhoid, bilirubin for anemia). This may help the clinicians to quickly design the adequate therapeutic strategies for patients. A biosensor based diagnostic technology promises to do just that-quick onsite diagnosis. Biosensors in general are stand alone miniature portable devices that can detect range of analytes quickly with the help of transducers that converts the biological response into measurable analytical signals. It represents a rapidly expanding field currently and is expected to reach $22.68 billion market by 2020. Moving this proof-of-concept device for everyday analysis of biological or chemical samples has involved tremendous development in biosensors research [1]. Therefore, many such diagnostic devices are available in the global market for various medical purpose such as; malaria testing kit [(CareStart™ Malaria HRP2/PLDH; Access Bio, United States)(Maleriscan® Malaria Pf/PAN; Bhat Bio-Tech (P) Ltd., India)], hCG based pregnancy testing kits [(Pregnosis®; Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Montreal),(Velocit™; Dr. Reddy’s India)], and portable glucometers [(CareStart™ G6PD, Access Bio, United States)] etc. Although these miniaturized devices are extensively fabricated and possess good market potential, research to improvise the existing designs in terms of relativity, sensitivity, detection time, and point-of-care diagnosis are still underway [2].

Research and development to design biosensor prototypes has been rapid and ever expanding. To overcome the challenges related to sensitivity in detecting and capturing target molecules, introduction of “nanotechnology” has been found to be extensively useful. The advances in nanotechnology offers sensitive and specific detection of analyte by:(i) integrating new novel microfluidic/nanofluidics technologies to design small, and easy-to-use devices [3],(ii) surface functionalization of biomaterials on nanocomposites, and (iii) new signal amplification strategies using various nanomaterials [4, 5]. The developments in nanotechnology and changes in electronic, thermal, and, optical property of nanoscale materials have brought new detection methods in biosensing [6-8]. Research and development in the field of nanobiosensors is wide and multidisciplinary, spanning knowledge of researchers from diverse backgrounds such as biological science, medical science, material science, physics, chemistry, electronics, mechanical engineering, and other engineering sciences to develop various types of nanobiosensor prototypes [7, 9-11]. Tremendous work has been done on next generation fabrication of [12], semi-synthetic [13] and synthetic ligands [14], plastic antibodies [15], catalytic electrodes [16], bioinspired nanotechnologies for sensing, therapy, and controlled surface for cellular interaction [17], in vivo [18] and in vitro [19, 20] devices for regenerative medicine, arrays, biomimetics and tele-interfaces for digital health [21]. These platforms may help to design commercially viable nanobiosensor for various biomedical applications. Among the available nanobiosensor types, electrochemical readout system is considered to be most powerful due to its high sensitivity and ability to be miniaturized for fast bimolecular analysis [22], thereby helping in designing therapeutic strategies