Agent-based models combine data and theory during both development and use of the model. As models have become increasingly data driven, it is easy to start thinking of agent-based modelling as an empirical method, akin to statistical modelling, and reduce the role of theory. We argue that both types of information are important where the past is not a reliable blueprint for the future, which occurs when modelling dynamic complex systems or to explore the implications of change. By balancing theory and data, agent-based modelling is a tool to describe plausible futures, that we call ‘justified stories’. We conclude that this balance must be maintained if agent-based models are to serve as a useful decision support tool for policymakers.