The effect of hydroperiod on nutrient removal efficiency from simulated wastewater was investigated in replicate wetland mesocosms (area, 2 m², planted with Scirpus californicus). Alternate draining and flooding of sediments (pulsed discharge) increased nutrient removal efficiency compared to the continuous-flow “control”. Average PO₄³⁻ removal efficiency was 20–30% higher in wetland mesocosms that drained twice daily compared to the control. Inorganic N removal efficiency was less affected than phosphate removal by hydroperiod variation. At the higher NH₄⁺ loading rate (1.83 g N m⁻² day⁻¹), inorganic N removal efficiency was consistently 5–20% higher in pulsed-discharge wetland mesocosms than in the control. At the lower NH₄⁺ loading rate (0.9 g N m ⁻² day ⁻¹), pulsed-discharge hydrology had no effect on inorganic N removal efficiency. Twice-daily drainage exhibited average inorganic N removal efficiencies of 96% (lower N loading rate) and 87% (higher N loading) and average phosphate removal efficiencies of 81% (lower P loading) and 90% (higher P loading). Mass balance data from the continuous-flow treatment revealed that the aquatic macrophyte Scirpus californicus was the most important nutrient sink, assimilating 50% of the NH₄⁺ and PO₄³⁻ supply. The high plant productivity in the mesocosms (15.6 kg m⁻² year⁻¹) occurred under conditions of high light (high edge per mesocosm area) and high root contact with nutrient-rich influent (shallow, sandy substrate) and may overestimate plant uptake in larger wetlands. The addition of a nitrification-inhibitor (N-Serve) indicated that 34% of the NH₄⁺ supply was transformed to NO₃⁻ by nitrifying bacteria.