Heart failure develops as a consequence of cardiac injury. As the heart begins to fail to meet
the body's metabolic demands, the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and the
sympathetic nervous system are activated. These interrelated systems act in concert to
facilitate cardiac output and tissue perfusion. Though these neurohormonal systems are
initially compensatory, evidence suggests that they promote deleterious cardiac remodeling
and myocyte destruction. Recent studies in patients with heart failure have targeted the …