The limited energy resources globally, low efficiency of renewable energies, complicated and costly energy conversion systems and environmental pollution have significantly increased scholar’s interest in innovative and efficient systems and their improvement studies. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of power generation systems used in geothermal sources of medium or low enthalpy. This study aims to improve the thermodynamic performance of an existing binary geothermal system with organic Rankine cycle and its system components while trying to comprehend the physical events/changes during these improvement processes. A model has been developed that simulates the system completely and accurately. Seventeen system parameters which were considered as crucial to maximize the exergy efficiency of the system like turbine inlet, condenser temperature and so on, are optimized using a gravitational search algorithm. The results of the study show that the exergy efficiency of the system is 14% and thus it can be maximized to 31% with optimization. During the optimization process, the pressure of work fluid on the evaporator line is increased and thus 2.1 MW more power is produced compared to normal power production. The condenser, with the highest exergy destruction in the system, has performance improvements of 75%. As a result, with the optimization process, a more compatible operating strategy between system components is ensured. This will allow the system and its components to run for longer and without failures.