The phenological synchrony between the emergence of overwintering herbivorous insects
and the budding of host plants is considered a crucial factor in the population dynamics of
herbivores. However, the mechanisms driving the interactions between the host plant,
herbivores, and their pathogens are often obscure. In the current study, an artificially
induced phenological asynchrony was used to investigate how the asynchrony between
silver birch Betula pendula and gypsy moth Lymantria dispar affects the immunity of the …