Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are essential components of modern technology and industry,
leading to their increased release into the environment. This review synthesizes current
knowledge on the transfer, accumulation, and fractionation of REEs in plants, with a focus on
the impacts of REE-triggered stress at different organisation levels, and the underlying
tolerance mechanisms. We explore the mechanisms governing REE uptake, transport,
fractionation and distribution within plants and their potential hormetic and toxic effects …