We examined the social correlates of fecal glucocorticoid (GC) levels in wild female
baboons during a period of social and demographic stability. Females' GC levels were not
affected by individual attributes such as number of kin or dominance rank, nor could we
detect any significant seasonal effects. Instead, GC levels were influenced by behavioral
attributes that varied between individuals and within individuals across time. Pregnant and
cycling females who received high rates of aggression had higher GC levels than others. In …