To fabricate a virtual shape into the real world, the physical strength of the shape is an
important consideration. We introduce a framework to consider both the strength and
complexity of 3D frame structures. The key to the framework is a stress-oriented analysis and
a semi-continuous condition in the shape representation that can both strengthen and
simplify a structure at the same time. We formulate a novel semi-continuous optimization and
present an elegant method to solve this optimization. We also extend our framework to …