Nafion-CaO, Nafion-ZrOH, and Nafion-CaO-ZrOH membranes are fabricated in order to
improve proton conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties as well as
decrease methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cells. The ion exchange method is
utilized to incorporate Ca and Zr into Nafion membranes. Prepared membranes are
characterized by using absorption transmission reflectance (ATR) and energy dispersive X-
ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Methanol crossover decreases significantly for all …