… 2008 to 2013. We will then present the multiple impacts and plausible causes of the recent
coffee rust crisis … We will also describe the sources of variability of coffee rust attacks. Finally, …

… In Central America, the impact of the crisis varied greatly … coffee value chains in countries
like Vietnam and Colombia … , this work would not have been possible. Finally, we also thank …

… , it was not until the period between 2013 and 2015 that CLR grew to … Therefore, it is
important to discuss the possible … to overcome the CLR crisis, may impact farmers’ autonomy. …

… such environmentally-driven crises do not necessarily … Coffee rust epidemics in Central
America: Chronicle of a resistance breakdown following the great epidemics of 2012 and 2013…

… other hazards that have impacted Central America, we explore … timing of the most recent
coffee rust outbreak and the extent of … Thus we modified the list of possible responses based on …

… Coffee rust is caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix in the … -intensity epidemics in Colombia
and Central America since 1987 … Plausible explanations for these observations further add …

… elevated in 2008–2011 in coffee-growing regions of Colombia, … It is possible that this drying
helped to bring the epidemic to a … 2012 Shade is conducive to coffee rust as compared to full …

… ) effects on smallholder coffee producers in Central America, and … Central America and
Colombia lead the production of … members consisted of 57 possible questions in six categories…

… /2013, causing significant losses in parts of Central America and … both the Colombian and
Central American epidemics were … effects on the transmission of the disease and the possible …

… coffee leaf rust, a plant disease that destroyed 31 percent of Colombia’s coffee yield between
2008 … Or, by contrast, it is also possible that the opportunity cost of education is lower than …