Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) describes a constellation of biochemical and clinical abnormalities resulting from rapid and massive tumor cell death. TLS is frequently associated with hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and secondary hypocalcemia that may lead to serious clinical complications, including acute kidney injury and cardiac arrest. Identification of tumor- and patient-specific risk factors for TLS and early recognition of laboratory and clinical TLS based on established criteria are essential for preventing TLS and forestalling acute kidney injury. Early collaboration between oncologists and nephrologists will help improve assessment of patients' kidney function and risk factors, paving the way for timely and efficacious interventions.