In the ongoing battle against antimicrobial resistance, phenotypic drug tolerance poses a
formidable challenge. This adaptive ability of microorganisms to withstand drug pressure
without genetic alterations further complicating global healthcare challenges. Microbial
populations employ an array of persistence mechanisms, including dormancy, biofilm
formation, adaptation to intracellular environments, and the adoption of L-forms, to develop
drug tolerance. Moreover, molecular mechanisms like toxin-antitoxin modules, oxidative …