Introduction Aging causes several changes in the immune system, although immune aging
is strongly influenced by individual immunological history, as well as genetic and …

The world is undergoing an unprecedented shift in demographics, with the number of
individuals over the age of 60 years projected to reach 2 billion or more by 2050 …

Infection susceptibility, poor vaccination efficacy, age-related disease onset, and neoplasms
are linked to innate and adaptive immune dysfunction that accompanies aging (known as …

CD4+ T cells are important for generating high quality and robust immune responses to
influenza infection. Immunosenescence that occurs with aging, however, compromises the …

The goal of annual influenza vaccination is to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with
this disease through the generation of protective immune responses. The objective of the …

Advanced age is associated with defects in all of the cells of the innate immune system,
including numbers, function, and early stages of activation. This review, presents the current …

Vaccination is the most effective measure to protect against infections. However, with
increasing age, there is a progressive decline in the ability of the immune system to both …

In recent years, the elderly has become a rapidly growing proportion of the world's
population as life expectancy is extending. Immunosenescence and inflammaging …

Ageing is a very complex process, the result of the dysregulation of multiple systems
interacting in many ways. A prominent change occurring with ageing is related to the …

The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the
generation and differentiation of pathogen‐specific short‐lived effector T cells while in …