The targeting of both the muscarinic and β-adrenergic pathways is a well validated
therapeutic approach for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death in the
world today. Bronchodilators, particularly muscarinic antagonists and β2 agonists, are …

Abstract Inhaled beta-2-adrenergic receptor (β 2) agonists and inhaled muscarinic
acetylcholine antagonists are the most frequently used bronchodilators in the treatment of …

Through application of our multivalent approach to drug discovery we previously reported
the first discovery of dual pharmacology MABA bronchodilators, exemplified by 1. Herein we …

We sought to design dual pharmacology bronchodilators targeting both the M3 muscarinic
acetylcholine and beta-2 adrenergic (β2) receptors by applying our multivalent approach to …

Introduction: Long acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMA) reverse airflow obstruction
by antagonizing para-sympathetic bronchoconstricting effects within the airways. For years …

Background: The proven efficacy of several anti-cholinergics and β2-agonists and their
combinations in both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma strongly …

Introduction: It has long been known that combining short-acting muscarinic antagonists and
β2 agonists produces additive effects on the lung function of patients with chronic obstructive …

In 2002, the first long-acting muscarinic antagonist, tiotropium bromide (Spiriva®), was
launched as a once-daily bronchodilating agent for the treatment of chronic obstructive …

Combinations of a muscarinic receptor antagonist (MA) and a β2-adrenoceptor agonist (BA)
improve bronchodilation in COPD patients to a greater extent than drugs with either …