The objective of this paper is to explain how to apply, interpret, and present the results of a
new instrument to assess the risk of bias (RoB) in non-randomized studies (NRS) dealing …

Assessing the risk of bias (RoB) of individual studies is a critical part in determining the
certainty of a body of evidence from non-randomized studies (NRS) that evaluate potential …

Background Systematic reviews are increasingly prevalent in environmental health due to
their ability to synthesize evidence while reducing bias. Different systematic review methods …

Background Systematic reviews, which assess the risk of bias in included studies, are
increasingly used to develop environmental hazard assessments and public health …

Background Observational epidemiologic studies provide critical data for the evaluation of
the potential effects of environmental, occupational and behavioural exposures on human …

Background: Increasingly, risk of bias tools are used to evaluate epidemiologic studies as
part of evidence synthesis (evidence integration), often involving meta-analyses. Some of …

Environmental health hazard assessments are routinely relied upon for public health
decision-making. The evidence base used in these assessments is typically developed from …

Objectives To develop a framework for the assessment of the risk of bias and confounding
against causality from a body of observational evidence, and to refine a tool to aid in …

There is high demand in environmental health for adoption of a structured process that
evaluates and integrates evidence while making decisions and recommendations …

The internal validity of conclusions about effectiveness or impact in systematic reviews, and
of decisions based on them, depends on risk of bias assessments being conducted …