Networks of neurons in the cerebral cortex generate complex outputs that are not simply
predicted by their inputs. These emergent responses underlie the function of the cortex …

Cortical computations critically involve local neuronal circuits. The computations are often
invariant across a cortical area yet are carried out by networks that can vary widely within an …

Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) display substantial orientation selectivity even in
species where V1 lacks an orientation map, such as in mice and rats. The mechanism …

Research on the functional anatomy of visual cortical circuits has recently zoomed in from
the macroscopic level to the microscopic. High-resolution functional imaging has revealed …

Key points The process of orientation tuning is an important and well‐characterized feature
of neurons in primary visual cortex. The combination of ascending and descending circuits …

One of the most salient features to emerge in visual cortex is sensitivity to stimulus
orientation. Here we asked if orientation selectivity, once established, is altered by …

A key emergent property of the primary visual cortex (V1) is the orientation selectivity of its
neurons. Recent experiments demonstrate remarkable bottom-up and top-down plasticity in …

Neurons in different layers of sensory cortex generally have different functional properties.
But what determines firing rates and tuning properties of neurons in different layers …

Recent studies have shown that local cortical feedback can havean important effect on the
response of neurons in primary visualcortex to the orientation of visual stimuli. In this work …

The visual cortex represents stimuli through the activity of neuronal populations. We
measured the evolution of this activity in space and time by imaging voltage-sensitive dyes …