Introduction Strong scientific evidence and large experience support the use of β2-agonists
for the symptomatic alleviation of COPD. Therefore, there is considerable effort in …

The common coexistence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and
cardiovascular disease (CVD) presents several therapeutic constraints that have not been …

Introduction The safety of β2-AR antagonists in the treatment of patients with COPD
continues to be a topic of research and discussion within the medical community. Emerging …

Frequently developed after years of smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) is characterized by progressive air outflow limitation that is not fully reversible (1, 2) …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common global health problem with
increasing incidence and mortality. Therefore, attempting to increase the awareness of …

Introduction: Long-acting bronchodilators are pivotal in the therapeutic management of
COPD patients with moderate-to-severe airflow obstruction. New ultra-long-acting β2 …

Abstract Inhaled beta-2-adrenergic receptor (β 2) agonists and inhaled muscarinic
acetylcholine antagonists are the most frequently used bronchodilators in the treatment of …

Background: The proven efficacy of several anti-cholinergics and β2-agonists and their
combinations in both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma strongly …

The pathophysiology of COPD may be considered as multicomponent in nature [1]. It
involves the large airways, small airways and lung parenchyma and comprises airway …

Bronchodilators remain the cornerstone of the treatment of airway disorders such as asthma
and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is therefore considerable interest …