Inhaled bronchodilators, including beta2-agonists and antimuscaric receptor antagonists,
are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow
limitation and debilitating symptoms. For patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, long …

Bronchodilators, generally administered via metered dose or dry powder inhalers, are the
mainstays of pharmacological treatment of stable COPD. Inhaled long-acting beta-agonists …

COPD is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction which does not fully reverse to
inhaled or oral pharmacotherapy. The management of patients with COPD has taken a …

Beta-2 adrenergic agonists are sympathomimetic agents that stimulate bronchodilation by
activation of adenyl cyclase to produce cyclic 3′ 5′ adenosine monophosphate (AMP) …

Long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor agonists, formoterol and salmeterol, represent a milestone in
the treatments of chronic obstructive lung diseases. Although no specific indications …

Bronchodilators are the mainstay of therapy for patients with established chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) but, at present, the majority of patients use short-acting agents …

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive, largely non-
reversible pulmonary disease which is characterised by airflow limitation. It is one of the few …

β 2-Adrenergic agonists are commonly used asbronchodilators to treat patients with COPD.
In addition to prolongedbronchodilation, long-acting β 2-agonists (LABAs) exertother effects …

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex respiratory
disorder, whose medical and socioeconomic burden as one of the main causes of morbidity …