Current literature on oral motor control reports contradictory findings regarding
physiological, functional and sensory changes that occur in the muscles of the tongue with …

Introduction: Positive effects from tongue-strengthening exercises (TSE) are widely
described, but dose-dependent studies concerning exercise frequency have not yet been …

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of intensity dosing during
tongue exercise on tongue pressure generation, adherence, and perceived effort. Design …

Objective This study compared the immediate impact of different transcutaneous electrical
stimulation (TES) amplitudes on physiological swallowing effort in healthy older adults …

Purpose Age-related changes to the swallowing mechanism, or presbyphagia, may put
older adults at a higher risk for developing diseases and dysphagia. Maintaining swallowing …

Purpose Functional reserve represents the difference between an individual's ability to
produce a maximum output function and the ability to perform a functional task. Several …

The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of effortful swallowing (ES) exercise
programs applied to increase the swallowing-related muscle strength in the elderly. In this …

Limited research in swallowing physiology has suggested that the most common existing
transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) protocol (VitalStim) may not penetrate to layers …

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a disorder causing difficulty to form or move the
alimentary bolus safely from the mouth to the esophagus. The three main populations at risk …

Background Current strategies of swallowing therapy include facilitation of swallowing
initiation by sensory modulation. Although thermal tactile oral stimulation is a common …