Neointimal hyperplasia remains an obstacle after vascular interventions. Programmed death‐
1 (PD‐1) antibody treatment decreases tumor cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory …

Venous neointimal hyperplasia can be a problem after vein interventions. We hypothesized
that inhibiting programmed death-1 (PD-1) can decrease venous neointimal hyperplasia in a …

Purpose The causes and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying abdominal aortic aneurysms
(AAAs) and pseudoaneurysms are not fully understood. We hypothesized that inhibiting …

Summary Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands have been shown to play a
significant role in evasion of malignant tumour cells from the immune system. Last year, the …

Abstract Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) therapy has been extensively used to treat
cancer. Recently, the combination of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy has …

Recent basic and clinical studies have shown that the programmed death ligand (PD-L)/PD-
1 pathway has a significant role in tumour immunity, and its blockade has a therapeutic …

Objective—Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a member of the CD28 superfamily that
delivers negative signals on interaction with its 2 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. We studied the …

Objective: Patients with end-stage renal disease depend on hemodialysis for survival.
Although arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis …

Abstract PD-1 (programed death-1)/PD-L1 (programed death-1 ligand) blockade represents
a major breakthrough of anti-cancer therapies, however, it may come with increased risk of …

Endovascular strategies play a vital role in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease
(PAD). However, luminal loss or restenosis after endovascular intervention remains a …