Introduction: Cytokines are of major importance in periodontal disease progression.
Interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) stimulates interferon‐γ production by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells while …

Background: Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is reported as an important regulatory cytokine in non‐
oral inflammation. Our objective was to compare the concentrations of IL‐18 within diseased …

Objectives: The balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines may be
crucial for determining the immunopathology of gingivitis (G) and periodontitis. This study …

In periodontal diseases, inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8 and tumor
necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), may promote the degeneration of inflamed periodontal tissues. In …

Recent in vitro findings indicate that cytokines represent an important pathway of connective
tissue destruction in human periodontitis. The biological effects of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and …

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 522–529 Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the
levels of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and IL‐18 in gingival tissue and serum between patients with …

Background: Interleukin (IL)‐11 and IL‐17 are cytokines that modulate the inflammatory
process and have not been assessed within normal or inflamed gingival tissues. Our …

This study was performed to investigate the aspects of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) production in both
the gingival tissue and the peripheral blood of patients with periodontal disease and of …

Cytokines play an important role in the pathology associated with chronic inflammatory
diseases. We measured the total amounts [picograms (pg)] and concentrations (pg/μl) of …

Introduction: This study aimed to measure the levels of interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) in inflamed
shallow sites and inflamed deep sites in patients with periodontitis and to compare the data …