Trigeminal neuropathic pain affects millions of people worldwide. Despite decades of study
on the neuronal processing of pain, mechanisms underlying enhanced pain states after …

It has been reported that the whisker pad (WP) area, which is innervated by the second
branch of the trigeminal nerve, shows allodynia/hyperalgesia following transection of the …

The density and distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) and calcitonin gene-
related peptide-like immunoreactive (CGRP-LI) nerve fibers in rat temperomandibular joint …

Peripheral inflammation produces pain hypersensitivity by sensitizing nociceptors.
Potentiation of P2X3 receptor activity in nociceptors may play an important role in this …

Pain is one of the main reasons for patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders
seeking medical care. However, there is no effective treatment yet as its mechanism remains …

The hyperexcitability of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons following inflammation or C-fiber
stimulation is known to be involved in a variety of changes in gene expression in TG …

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is frequently involved with rheumatoid arthritis with a high
prevalence that could result in a chronic pain state. Once the disease is established in the …

Introduction Delta-opioid receptor (DOR) and its endogenous ligands distribute in trigeminal
system and play a very important role in modulating peripheral inflammatory pain. DOR …

Background Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is increased in patients with headache,
neuropathic pain, periodontal and temporomandibular disease. This study and others have …

Orofacial pain is characterized by its easy spread to adjacent areas, thus presenting with
primary hyperalgesia (hypersensitivity at the site of injury) and secondary hyperalgesia …