Introduction Bronchodilators are the cornerstone of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) therapy and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) as a mono or combination …

Introduction: Long acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMA) reverse airflow obstruction
by antagonizing para-sympathetic bronchoconstricting effects within the airways. For years …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death and disability
worldwide. Inhaled bronchodilators are the mainstay of COPD pharmacological treatment …

Introduction: Long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) are central to the
treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because of the important role of …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is at present the third leading cause of
death in the world. Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) is widely used as a …

Introduction: Because tiotropium has demonstrated clinical benefits as a long-term
maintenance treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the number of …

The use of muscarinic receptor antagonists in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) is well established. More recently, the potential for long-acting muscarinic …

Acetylcholine (neuronal and non-neuronal origin) regulates bronchoconstriction, and mucus
secretion. It has an inflammatory effect by inducing attraction, survival and cytokine release …

Background In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, combination
treatment with long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) and long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) …

Background: A number of long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/long-acting β2-agonist
(LABA) fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) for treatment of moderate-to-very severe chronic …