Persistent activity is thought to mediate working memory during behavior. Can it also occur
during sleep? We found that the membrane potential of medial entorhinal cortex layer III …

It is known that acetylcholine can stimulate activation and promote plasticity in the cerebral
cortex, yet it is not known how the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, which release …

During sleep, the widespread coordination of neuronal oscillations across both cortical and
subcortical brain regions is thought to support various physiological functions. However …

How general anesthetics cause loss of consciousness is unknown. Some evidence points
toward effects on the neocortex causing “top-down” inhibition, whereas other findings …

During various states of vigilance, brain oscillations are grouped together through reciprocal
connections between the neocortex and thalamus. The coherent activity in corticothalamic …

Although spontaneous activity occurs throughout the neocortex, its relation to the activity
produced by external or sensory inputs remains unclear. To address this, we used calcium …

It has been hypothesized that waking leads to higher-firing neurons, with increased energy
expenditure, and that sleep serves to return activity to baseline levels. Oscillatory activity …

We posit a bottom‐up sleep‐regulatory paradigm in which state changes are initiated within
small networks as a consequence of local cell activity. Bottom‐up regulatory mechanisms …

How animals maintain proper amounts of sleep yet remain flexible to changes in
environmental conditions remains unknown. We found that environmental light suppressed …

Earlier extracellular recordings during natural sleep have shown that, during slow-wave
sleep (SWS), neocortical neurons display long-lasting periods of silence, whereas they are …