The complex of humoral factors and immune cells comprises two interleaved systems,
innate and acquired. Immune cells scan the occurrence of any molecule that it considers to …

The results of recent clinical trials have demonstrated that cancer vaccines continue to
struggle to achieve tangible clinical benefits as monotherapy. Tumor-induced abnormalities …

Summation Cancer immunotherapy consists of approaches that modify the host immune
system, and/or the utilization of components of the immune system, as cancer treatment …

There is clear evidence that certain forms of immunotherapy can be successful against
certain cancers. However, it would appear that cancerous cells of various origin are …

Accumulating evidence suggests that despite the potency of cytotoxic anticancer agents,
and the great specificity that can be achieved with immunotherapy, neither of these two …

Immunotherapy of cancer is entering into a new phase of active investigation both at the pre-
clinical and clinical level. This is due to the exciting developments in basic immunology and …

Recent advances in our understanding of immune function with regard to the generation of a
potent antitumor response have resulted in a renewed interest in cancer vaccines and point …

Conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy have reached
their therapeutic potential, leaving a gap for developing more effective cancer therapeutics …

One of the most controversial issues in immunology for over a century has been whether an
effective immune response can be elicited against malignant tumours. Whether the …

A number of consensuses regarding cancer immunology have recently emerged from both
preclinical immunotherapy models and analysis of cancer patients. First and foremost, the …