Inflammatory cytokines are key regulators of immune responses. Persistent and excessive
production of inflammatory cytokines underscores the development of autoimmune …

Proinflammatory cytokines are potent mediators of numerous biological processes and are
tightly regulated in the body. Chronic uncontrolled levels of such cytokines can initiate and …

Cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The precise
triggers for the breakdown of self-tolerance and the subsequent events leading to the …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to joint destruction.
Cytokines play a key role in its pathogenesis. They contribute to the induction and …

Recent advances have revealed new insights in cytokine regulation of inflammatory
responses. TGFβ acting together with pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 promotes …

Systemic autoimmunity owing to overactivity of Tfh and dysregulated germinal centers has
been described in mice and humans. Cytokines such as IL-21, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17 are …

A series of studies have revealed that IL-6 has pleiotropic activity in various cells and that its
deregulated expression is responsible for the development of multiple autoimmune …

The precise pathomechanisms of human autoimmune diseases are still poorly understood.
However, a deepened understanding of these is urgently needed to improve disease …

Cytokines are immune mediators that play an important role in the pathogenesis of
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease that targets the synovial joints. The …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-17-producing T cells, especially T helper (Th) 17 cells, play a critical
role in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The pathogenic …