Switches between different behavioral states of the animal are associated with prominent
changes in global brain activity, between sleep and wakefulness or from inattentive to …

Neural activity and behavior are both notoriously variable, with responses differing widely
between repeated presentation of identical stimuli or trials. Recent results in humans and …

Cortical neurons process information on a background of spontaneous, ongoing activity with
distinct spatiotemporal profiles defining different cortical states. During wakefulness, cortical …

The wake-sleep cycle, a spontaneous succession of global brain states that correspond to
major overt behaviors, occurs in all higher vertebrates. The transitions between these states …

Large scale transitions between active (up) and silent (down) states during quiet
wakefulness or NREM sleep regulate fundamental cortical functions and are known to …

Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

Mammalian brains generate internal activity independent of environmental stimuli. Internally
generated states may bring about distinct cortical processing modes. To investigate how …

Every day, we shift among various states of sleep and arousal to meet the many demands of
our bodies and environment. A central puzzle in neurobiology is how the brain controls …

Highlights•Forebrain activity is characterized by rapid transitions between multiple
states.•Brain state is controlled on multiple spatial and temporal scales.•Brain state strongly …

Sleep and arousal from sleep are associated with profound changes in cardiovascular and
respiratory functions. Fluctuations of arterial blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR), and …